The effect of ethnic factor on cephalic index in 17-20 years old females of north of Iran [Efecto del factor étnico en el índice cefálico en mujeres entre 17 y 20 años de edad del norte de Irán]

Cephalic index and head shape are affected by geographical, gender, age, racial and ethnic factors. This study was carried out to determine cephalic index and head shape in 17-20 years old female in Gorgan, North of Iran. This descriptive and cross sectional study is undertaken on 410 normal 17-20 years old female (Turkman group: n=203, Fars group: n=207). The study was done by classic cephalometry in Gorgan North of Iran. Means and SD of cephalic index was 85 ± 4.5 and 82.8 ± 3.6 in native Fars and Turkman groups, respectively. Dominant and rare type of head shape in native Fars group were hyperbrachycephalic (53.6%) and dolichocephalic (15%), and in Turkman group were brachycephalic (58.1%) and dolichocephalic (0.05%), respectively. With noticing of our results and other studies in the world, we can conclude that the role of ethnic factor on head dimensions. © 2007 Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía

The variation of head shapes in 17-20 years old native fars male in Gorgan-North of Iran

Cephalic index and head shape are affected by geographical, gender, age and racial factors. This study carried out to determine cephalic index and head shape in 17-20 years old native Fars male in Gorgan, North of Iran. This descriptive study was done on 200 of 17-20 years old male native Fars by classic cephalometry in Gorgan, North of Iran. Mean and SD of cephalic index was 84.8 ± 6.9. The head shape of 52% of individuals was hyperbrachycephalic, 25% brachycephalic, 21.5% mesocephalic and 1.5% dolichocephalic. Native Fars individuals showed typical hyperbrachycephalic. In comparing to other studies in world, we can conclude that the role of racial/ethnic factor in cephalic diameters. © 2006 Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía

Alterations of the giant pyramidal neurons (Betz cells) in brain cortex of rat offspring born from gestational diabetic dams: A morphometric study [Alteraciones de las Neuronas Piramidales Gigantes de la Corteza Cerebral en Crías de Ratas Nacidas de Hembras con Diabetes Gestacional: Un Estudio Morfométrico]

A few studies reported the adverse effects of gestational diabetes on hippocampus and spinal cord of rat offspring. Giant pyramidal neurons are giant pyramidal neurons located in fifth layers of the gray matter in the primary motor cortex. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on the giant pyramidal neurons and the thickness of internal pyramidal layer in the brain cortex of rat offspring. On day 1 of gestation, 10 Wistar rat dams were randomly allocated into two control and diabetic groups. Five animals in diabetic group received 40 mg/kg/BW of Streptozotocin (intraperitoneally) and control animals received normal saline. We randomly selected six offspring of every subject in both groups at day 28, 56 and 84. Rat offspring were scarified and then coronal sections were taken from the right brain cortex and sections were stained with Cresyl violet. The density of giant pyramidal neurons in brain cortex and thickness of internal pyramidal layer of brain cortex were evaluated. In P28, P56, P84 the Betz cells density of brain cortex were significantly reduced from 107.6±6.2, 131.6±4.6 and 143.5±4.0 in controls to 84.96±2.1, 109.8±7.3 and 121.05±5.6 in cases (p<0.05), respectively. The thickness of the internal pyramidal layer of brain cortex in P28, 56 and P84 was significantly higher in gestational diabetic group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). This study showed that uncontrolled gestational diabetes reduces the giant pyramidal neurons density and internal pyramidal layer thickness in brain cortex of rat offspring. © 2015, International Journal of Morphology. All rights reserved

Maternal and neonatal serum magnesium concentrations in neural tube defects pregnancies in Gorgan (North of Iran) - A case control study

Objective: Neural tube defects (NTD) comprise a group of congenital malformations that include spinabifida, anencephaly and encephalocele. Previous studies have reported the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of Magnesium deficiency in animal models. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine an association between Magnesium deficiency and neural tube defects in Northern Iran, which was reported to have a high prevalence of neural tube defects. Methods: This hospital based case control study was conducted on 13 mothers with newborns having neural tube defects and 35 healthy mothers as controls in Northern Iran during 2005-2006. Serum Magnesium was measured by spectrophotometery. Results: Serum Magnesium levels in mothers with NTD affected newborns and in mothers with healthy newborns were 1.5±0.6 and 1.32±0.3 micromol/litter, respectively. Overall, 46.2% mothers in the case group and 48.6 % mothers in the control group had Magnesium deficiency. Logistic regression analysis showed no association between the presence of NTD and Magnesium deficiency (OR =0.9, 95% Cl: 0.2-3.9, p=0.88). Serum Magnesium levels in newborns with NTD and healthy normal newborns were 1.4±0.6 micromol/litter and 1.3±0.4 micromol/litter, respectively. Overall, 30.8% newborns in the case group and 37.1 % newborns in the control group had Magnesium deficiency. Logistic regression analysis showed no association between the presence of NTD and Magnesium deficiency (OR =0.8, 95% Cl: 0.1-3.4 p=0.68). Conclusion: The present study did not find any association between the occurrence of NTD and Magnesium deficiency

Teratogenic effects of gabapentin on neural tube and limb development in mice

[No abstract available

Estimation of the cranial capacity and brain weight of Iranian female newborns

Anthropological measurements such as brain weight and cranial capacity are of practical use for the evaluation the health of newborns and also as a basis for the cranium alterations in future years of life. The present research was carried out to determine brain weight and cranial capacity and the effect of the ethnic factor on them in female newborns in northern Iran. In this study, 423 normal female newborns in Turkman (n=211) and Native Fars (n=212) groups were evaluated by classic cephalometry. The means and SD of the cranial capacity in the native Fars and Turkman groups were 438.16 ± 63.5 and 418.84 ± 33.19 milliliters, respectively (p<0.05). The means and SD of brain weight in Fars and Turkman newborns were 453.50 ± 65.72 and 433.50 ± 34.35 grams respectively (p<0.05). The results of this investigation show that the ethnic factor could influence brain weight and cranial capacity in Iranian female newborns

Quantitative studies of hepatocytes in periportal and perivenous zones of the liver lobules in diabetic rats

This study was designed to evaluate the morphometric changes of parenchymal cells in the periportal (Z1) and perivenous (Z3) zones of the liver lobules that occur after Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Twenty male rats were allocated in two groups of normal and diabetic. Hyperglycemia in rats induced by 80 mg kg-1 Streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The blood glucose concentration was measured by using a Glucometer in 1st, 3rd and 5th week. After five weeks, with using anesthesia liver removed. Liver specimens were fixed in buffered formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were used for quantitative morphometric analysis. Morphometric parameters in mononuclear cells were measured by Olysia software. All data are shown as mean with standard error of means and analyzed using the Student's t-test and p-value less of 0.05. Mean areas of hepatocyte, their nuclei and nucleolus were reduced by approximately 1.29, 7.27 and 0.76% in zone 1 in the diabetic rats in comparison with the control group. While mean areas of hepatocyte, their nuclei and nucleolus were increased by approximately 5.26, 2.53 and 3.10%, respectively, in zone 3 in the diabetic and control rats. It is concluded that Streptozotocin injection leads to reduction in area of hepatocytes and their nuclei and nucleolar in zone 1 and an increase in area of hepatocytes and their nuclei and nucleolar in zone 3. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc

Prenatal morphine exposure reduces pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2 and CA3 subfields of mice hippocampus

Objective(s): This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of maternal morphine exposure during gestational and lactation period on pyramidal neurons of hippocampus in 18 and 32 day mice offspring. Materials and Methods: Thirty female mice were randomly allocated into cases and controls. In case group, animals received morphine sulfate 10 mg/kg.body weight intraperitoneally during 7 days before mating, gestational period (GD 0-21), 18 and 32 days after delivery in the experimental groups. The control animals received an equivalent volume of normal saline. Cerebrum of six offsprings in each group was removed and stained with cresyl violet and a monoclonal antibody NeuN for immunohistochemical detection of surviving pyramidal neurons. Quantitative computer-assisted morphometric study was done on hippocampus. Results: The number of pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2 and CA3 in treated groups was significantly reduced in postnatal day 18 and 32 (P18, P32) compared to control groups (P<0.05). The mean thickness of the stratum pyramidal layer was decreased in the treated groups in comparison with controls (P<0.05), whereas the mean thickness of the stratum oriens, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare in CA1 field and stratum oriens, stratum lucidum, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare in CA3 were significantly increased in morphine treated group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Morphine administration before and during pregnancy and during lactation period causes pyramidal neurons loss in 18 and 32 days old infant mice

Possible role of TORCH agents in congenital malformations in Gorgan, northern Islamic Republic of Iran

This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out to explore the frequency of contamination with TORCH agents in neonates with congenital malformations in a referral centre in Gorgan city, Islamic Republic of Iran. Blood samples were taken from 64 neonates and their mothers over a 20-month period in 2003-04. Serologic tests showed that 4/64 infants born with congenital malformations (6%) had positive IgM antibody titres for Toxoplasma gondii (2 cases), rubella virus (1 case) and cytomegalovirus (1 case). IgM was positive in 9/63 mothers (14%), also for T. gondii (3 cases), rubella virus (3 cases) and cytomegalovirus (3 cases). No cases of herpes simplex virus type II or Treponema pallidum were found

Gestational diabetes induces neuronal loss in dentate gyrus in rat offspring

Background: This study was conducted to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on neuronal density in the dentate gyrus (DG) subfields of hippocampus in rats offspring. Methods: On day 1 of gestation, 10 dams randomly allocated into two control and diabetic groups. Five animals in diabetic group were received 40 mg/kg/BW of Streptozotocin (intraperitoneally) and control animals were received normal saline. Six offsprings of each gestational diabetes mellitus and controls were randomly selected at the day 7, 14 and 21. Infants were scarified and coronal sections were taken from the right dorsal hippocampus and stained with cresyl violet. The number of granular cells and thickness of layers of hippocampus in dentate gyrus lateral (DGl) and dentate gyrus media (DGm) were evaluated. Results: In P7, P14, P21, granular cells numbers of DGm were significantly reduced from (107.6±6.2, 131.6±4.6, 143.5±4.0) in controls to(84.96±2.1, 109.8±7.3, 121.05±5.6)(P<0.05) in cases, respectively and Granular cells of DGl were significantly reduced from (98.76±4.4, 125.6±4.0, 149.9±4.2) in controls to (79.98±4.2, 107.07±8.5, 117.1±6.7)(P;0.05) of cases, respectively. In DGm and DGl, the thickness of the granular and polymorph layers in P7,14 and P21 significantly decreased in gestational diabetics in comparison with controls(p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the uncontrolled gestational diabetes reduces granular neurons of hippocampus in rats offspring